This article is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Please consult a licensed immigration attorney for visa and immigration matters.
Choosing between the E-2, L-1 and EB-5 is one of the first decisions international investors and entrepreneurs face when planning a move to the United States. Each route has a different purpose, cost and outcome. This guide compares them in plain terms so you can discuss the right path with a licensed immigration attorney.
Quick Overview
- E-2 Treaty Investor Visa — invest in and actively run a U.S. business. Available to nationals of treaty-eligible countries.
- L-1 Intracompany Transfer — move an executive, manager or specialized-knowledge employee from a company abroad to a related U.S. entity.
- EB-5 Immigrant Investor — a direct path to a Green Card through a larger investment that creates U.S. jobs.
Side-by-Side Comparison
| E-2 | L-1 | EB-5 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Non-immigrant | Non-immigrant | Permanent residency |
| Typical investment | Often $50,000–$200,000+ (no fixed legal minimum) | No direct investment; transfer of an existing business | Min. $800,000 (TEA) or $1.05M |
| Who it's for | Treaty-country investors running an active business | Owners/executives with a company abroad | Investors seeking permanent residency |
| Jobs | Active business; job creation expected | Qualifying corporate structure | 10 full-time U.S. jobs |
| Duration | Renewable periods (typically 2 years) | L-1A up to 7 years, L-1B up to 5 years | Conditional → permanent Green Card |
| Green Card path | Not direct; separate process | Possible via L-1A → EB-1C | The program itself leads to a Green Card |
E-2: Active Investment
The E-2 suits entrepreneurs who want to invest in and personally manage a U.S. business — for example a service company, franchise, logistics operation or store. The investment must be substantial relative to the business, the funds must be at risk, and you must play an active role. Spouses can apply for unrestricted work authorization.
L-1: Company Transfer
The L-1 fits established companies expanding to the U.S. There is no fixed investment requirement, but you need a qualifying relationship between the foreign company and the U.S. entity, and at least one year of prior qualifying employment abroad. L-1A (managers/executives) can later support an EB-1C Green Card.
EB-5: Direct Green Card
EB-5 is for investors who want permanent residency directly. It requires a larger investment and the creation of ten full-time U.S. jobs, with detailed source-of-funds documentation. The whole family (spouse and children under 21) can be included.
Which One Fits You?
- Limited capital, want to run a business yourself → E-2 is often the starting point.
- Already own a company abroad → L-1 (with EB-1C as a longer-term Green Card route).
- Want permanent residency directly and can invest more → EB-5.
Eligibility depends on your nationality, capital, business plan and goals. None of these outcomes can be guaranteed, and each case is assessed individually.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I move from E-2 to a Green Card?
The E-2 is non-immigrant, so it does not lead to a Green Card automatically. Some investors later pursue EB-5 or an employment-based route. Discuss the strategy with a licensed attorney.
Is the E-2 only for certain countries?
Yes — the E-2 requires nationality of a treaty-eligible country (80+ countries qualify). The L-1 and EB-5 are not limited by treaty status.
Which is fastest?
Timelines vary by route, country and workload. E-2 consular processing is often faster than EB-5, but specifics change — confirm current timelines with an attorney.
Related services: E-2 Business Plan · L-1 Company Transfer · EB-5 Green Card
This article is general information only and is not legal, tax or investment advice. Visa and Green Card decisions are made by U.S. authorities; work with a licensed immigration attorney for your case.
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